Cytokine secretion in whole blood of healthy subjects following oral administration of Urtica dioica L. plant extract.
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8967906
Conclusion of this study
The detected IL-6 concentrations were comparable to those after LPS stimulation, additive effects could not be observed. The absence of detectable IL-6 concentrations in whole blood ex vivo after oral ingestion of the tested drug as well as the differences in the inhibition patterns for TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta ex vivo and ex vivo in vitro suggest that the extract contains different pharmacological effective compounds with varying bioavailabilities.
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