A volunteer model for the comparison of laxatives in opioid-related constipation.
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Link to full study
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8935140
Conclusion of this study
A combination of stimulant and softening laxatives was most likely to maintain normal bowel function at the lowest dose and least adverse effects. The mean final dose of lactulose was excessive for use in ill patients. Senna was associated with significantly more adverse effects than the other laxatives, mainly abdominal pain (P < 0.001). This model of constipation may provide a standardized means of assaying the clinical effectiveness of oral laxatives.
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